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Related Concept Videos

Enthalpy02:59

Enthalpy

Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum of a system’s internal energy (E) and the mathematical product of its pressure (P) and volume (V):
Enthalpies of Reaction03:33

Enthalpies of Reaction

Hess’s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products are available. The main reaction may be divided into stepwise reactions : (i) decompositions of the reactants into their component elements, for which the enthalpy changes are proportional to the negative of the enthalpies of formation of the reactants, −ΔHf°(reactants), followed by (ii) re-combinations of the elements (obtained in step 1) to give...
Enthalpy within the Cell01:18

Enthalpy within the Cell

Enthalpy (H) is used to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum of a system's internal energy (U) and the mathematical product of its pressure (P) and volume (V):
H = U + PV
Enthalpy is also a state function. Enthalpy values for specific substances cannot be measured directly; only enthalpy changes for chemical or physical processes can be determined. For processes that take place at constant pressure (a common condition for many chemical...
Thermochemical Equations02:55

Thermochemical Equations

For a chemical reaction (the system) carried out at constant pressure – with the only work done caused by expansion or contraction – the enthalpy of reaction (also called the heat of reaction, ΔHrxn) is equal to the heat exchanged with the surroundings (qp).
Enzymes and Activation Energy01:13

Enzymes and Activation Energy

The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur. During chemical reactions, certain chemical bonds break, and new ones form. For example, when a glucose molecule breaks down, bonds between the molecule's carbon atoms break. Since these are energy-storing bonds, they release energy when broken. However, the molecule must be somewhat contorted to get into a state that allows the bonds to...
Enzymes and Activation Energy01:13

Enzymes and Activation Energy

The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur. During chemical reactions, certain chemical bonds break, and new ones form. For example, when a glucose molecule breaks down, bonds between the molecule's carbon atoms break. Since these are energy-storing bonds, they release energy when broken. However, the molecule must be somewhat contorted to get into a state that allows the bonds to...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
09:42

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

Enthalpy array analysis of enzymatic and binding reactions.

Michael I Recht1, Dirk De Bruyker, Alan G Bell

  • 1Scripps-PARC Institute for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Palo Alto Research Center, 3333 Coyote Hill Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. mrecht@parc.com

Analytical Biochemistry
|April 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enthalpy arrays offer a faster, smaller-volume method for detecting molecular interactions using calorimetry. Improved technology enables new enzyme assays and thermodynamic studies for drug discovery.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
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Area of Science:

  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Drug Discovery Technology

Background:

  • Conventional calorimetry methods are often limited by large sample volumes and long measurement times.
  • Label-free, solution-based detection of molecular interactions is crucial for biochemical and pharmaceutical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present advancements in enthalpy array technology for enhanced molecular interaction detection.
  • To demonstrate the application of improved enthalpy arrays in enzyme assays and thermodynamic characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a 96-detector enthalpy array with reduced temperature noise and improved fabrication.
  • Implementation of an automated measurement system and advanced data analysis techniques.
  • Performance of enzyme assays for substrate specificity and inhibitor activity, and titration of 18-crown-6 with barium chloride.

Main Results:

  • Significant reduction in sample volume and measurement time compared to conventional calorimetry.
  • Successful development and validation of basic enzyme assays.
  • Accurate thermodynamic characterization through titration experiments.

Conclusions:

  • Enthalpy array technology offers a powerful, miniaturized platform for label-free molecular interaction analysis.
  • The improved device performance and assay capabilities open new avenues for fragment-based screening and lead optimization in drug discovery.