Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Altered States of Awareness

Altered States of Awareness

Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
The ingestion of substances like stimulants or hallucinogens leads to chemical alterations in the brain that...

Introduction to Biological Bases of Psychology

Introduction to Biological Bases of Psychology

Biopsychology serves as a vital bridge connecting the intricate domains of biology and psychology, shedding light on how biological systems influence psychological phenomena. This field scrutinizes the biological substrates of behavior and mental processes, emphasizing the nervous system along with the roles of neurotransmitters, hormones, and genetics. It also incorporates evolutionary perspectives to explain the adaptive nature of mental functions.
The nervous system, the cornerstone of...

Lucid Dreaming

Lucid Dreaming

Lucid dreaming is a unique state of consciousness where an individual realizes they are dreaming while still in the dream. This awareness allows them to manipulate their dream environment consciously. Researchers like Stephen LaBerge have significantly contributed to the understanding of lucid dreams, highlighting that during these dreams, certain areas of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, that involve self-awareness and thought evaluation show increased activity.
Studies have shown...

An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs

An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs

Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
Stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine enhance brain activity, leading to increased alertness, attention, and energy. These drugs typically raise heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. While they can induce feelings of euphoria, their misuse can result in severe health...

Negative Regulator Molecules

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

How physiology solves the gene-centric impasse.

Experimental physiology·2026

Same author

The principles of systems biology.

Experimental physiology·2026

Same author

There are more things in heaven and Earth than we dream of in our physiology.

The Journal of physiology·2025

Same author

The cardiac pacemakers: A paradigm of robustness in evolutionary biology.

The Journal of physiology·2025

Same author

Extracellular Vesicles as Targeted Communicators in Complementary Medical Treatments.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Same author

New lessons from biology for economics and business: a systems approach to non-market environments.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain

Published on: April 9, 2019

Prologue: mind over molecule: activating biological demons.

¹Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT UK. denis.noble@physiol.ox.ac.uk

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

|April 1, 2008

Summary

Systems biology needs multilevel approaches beyond genomics. Higher biological levels provide essential boundary conditions for understanding complex living systems, moving beyond reductionist methods.

More Related Videos

Focused Ultrasound Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Targeting Brain Structures and Evaluating Chemogenetic Neuromodulation

Focused Ultrasound Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Targeting Brain Structures and Evaluating Chemogenetic Neuromodulation

Published on: December 22, 2020

Non-invasive Strategies for Chronic Manipulation of DREADD-controlled Neuronal Activity

Non-invasive Strategies for Chronic Manipulation of DREADD-controlled Neuronal Activity

Published on: August 25, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain

Published on: April 9, 2019

Focused Ultrasound Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Targeting Brain Structures and Evaluating Chemogenetic Neuromodulation

Focused Ultrasound Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Targeting Brain Structures and Evaluating Chemogenetic Neuromodulation

Published on: December 22, 2020

Non-invasive Strategies for Chronic Manipulation of DREADD-controlled Neuronal Activity

Non-invasive Strategies for Chronic Manipulation of DREADD-controlled Neuronal Activity

Published on: August 25, 2019

Area of Science:

Integrative Biology
Systems Biology
Physiology

Background:

Reductionist molecular biology has limitations.
Systems biology offers an integrative approach.
Current systems biology implementations are often low-level, extending genomics and bioinformatics.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline principles for a truly multilevel systems biology approach.
To emphasize the importance of higher-level analysis in understanding biological systems.
To propose that higher biological levels impose necessary boundary conditions on lower levels.

Main Methods:

Conceptual framework development.
Analysis of biological systems at multiple levels of abstraction.
Illustration with examples from cardiac physiology and biochemistry.

Main Results:

Higher levels of biological organization provide critical insights and boundary conditions for lower levels.
Understanding these higher-level constraints is essential for deciphering the logic of living systems.
A multilevel approach is superior to purely reductionist or low-level integrative methods.

Conclusions:

Systems biology must adopt a truly multilevel perspective.
Abstraction at levels higher than the cell is valuable for biological understanding.
Integrating insights from multiple organizational levels is key to advancing systems biology.