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Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Precise Electrochemical Sizing of Individual Electro-Inactive Particles

Precise Electrochemical Sizing of Individual Electro-Inactive Particles

Published on: August 4, 2023

Permittivity measurements using adjustable microscale electrode gaps between millimeter-sized spherical electrodes.

Hongshen Ma¹, Jeffrey H Lang, Alexander H Slocum

¹Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Room 3-455, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|April 2, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method for measuring electrical permittivity using spherical electrodes, achieving high accuracy without wet calibration. The technique enables precise control over electrode gaps for studying confined liquids.

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Area of Science:

Electrical Engineering
Materials Science
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Traditional methods for measuring electrical permittivity often require complex wet calibration procedures.
Parasitic capacitance and electrode polarization introduce significant errors in conventional measurements.
Existing techniques face challenges in achieving precise control over electrode separation, especially for small volumes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel technique for accurate electrical permittivity measurement of liquids and gases.
To eliminate the need for wet calibration and mitigate errors from parasitic capacitance and electrode polarization.
To enable precise measurements in small volumes and study electrical properties of liquids in highly confined states.

Main Methods:

Utilized millimeter-sized spherical electrodes with adjustable microscale separation.
Employed precise adjustment of electrode separation to compensate for inherent measurement errors.
Developed an apparatus capable of creating adjustable nanometer electrode gaps (20 nm to 50 µm) for studying confined liquids.

Main Results:

Achieved absolute permittivity measurement accuracies within 1% of established values.
Demonstrated elimination of errors associated with parasitic capacitance and electrode polarization.
Successfully enabled measurements with small electrode gaps and small sample volumes.

Conclusions:

The proposed technique offers a robust and accurate method for electrical permittivity measurements.
The spherical electrode geometry and precise separation control simplify measurements and enhance accuracy.
The apparatus facilitates the study of electrical properties of liquids under extreme confinement conditions.