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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis
Published on: September 23, 2025
Observability of nonlinear dynamics: normalized results and a time-series approach
Luis A Aguirre1, Saulo B Bastos, Marcela A Alves
1Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federeal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Abstract:
This paper investigates the observability of nonlinear dynamical systems. Two difficulties associated with previous studies are dealt with. First, a normalized degree observability is defined. This permits the comparison of different systems, which was not generally possible before. Second, a time-series approach is proposed based on omnidirectional nonlinear correlation functions to rank a set of time series of a system in terms of their potential use to reconstruct the original dynamics without requiring the knowledge of the system equations. The two approaches proposed in this paper and a former method were applied to five benchmark systems and an overall agreement of over 92% was found.
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