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Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

Published on: September 26, 2019

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy of stratum corneum: a pre-clinical validation study.

J Wu¹, T G Polefka

¹Colgate Palmolive Company, 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. joanna_wu@colpal.com

International Journal of Cosmetic Science

|April 2, 2008

Summary

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy accurately measures skin hydration, correlating well with traditional methods. This technique effectively evaluated various skincare products, showing significant differences in moisturization capabilities.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach

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Published on: September 26, 2019

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Non-contact, Label-free Monitoring of Cells and Extracellular Matrix using Raman Spectroscopy

Non-contact, Label-free Monitoring of Cells and Extracellular Matrix using Raman Spectroscopy

Published on: May 29, 2012

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Biophysics
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Skin moisturization is crucial for skin barrier function and aesthetics.
The stratum corneum (SC) regulates water balance and protects against external factors.
Confocal Raman microspectroscopy offers non-invasive in vivo water concentration profiling.

Purpose of the Study:

Validate confocal Raman microspectroscopy for in vitro skin water content determination.
Compare its accuracy against the Karl Fischer titration method.
Assess the instrument's ability to differentiate the moisturizing effects of various skincare products.

Main Methods:

Utilized porcine skin as an in vitro model for human skin.
Acquired depth profiles of water concentration using confocal Raman microspectroscopy.
Compared results with Karl Fischer titration and analyzed various cosmetic formulations.

Main Results:

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy showed high correlation (R²=0.989) with Karl Fischer titration for water content.
Tested products demonstrated expected hydration differences: lotion > control, syndet bar > soap bar, non-emollient shower gel > soap bar, emollient shower gel > non-emollient shower gel.
The technique provided quantitative water content data, differentiating product efficacy.

Conclusions:

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy is a reliable and accurate method for determining skin water concentration in vitro.
This technique offers a novel perspective for evaluating the moisturizing potential and hydration efficacy of cosmetic products.
It will be valuable for fundamental skin hydration research and product development in the personal care industry.