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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Organization of Genes02:07

Organization of Genes

Overview
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations
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A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

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Extrapolating ENCODE data to the whole human genome.

Maria Costantini1, Miriam Di Filippo, Giorgio Bernardi

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy. mcosta@szn.it

Gene
|April 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The ENCODE project

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) project aims to identify functional elements in the human genome.
  • ENCODE initially focused on 44 target sequences, representing 1% of the human genome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the representativeness of the ENCODE dataset for the entire human genome.
  • To investigate potential biases in the ENCODE dataset's compositional patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of compositional patterns within the selected ENCODE regions.
  • Comparison of ENCODE data with whole-genome data.

Main Results:

  • ENCODE data shows an unbalanced representation of human genome compositional patterns, particularly in GC-poorest and GC-richest regions.

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  • A G/E factor (whole genome data over ENCODE data) can correct this imbalance.

    • Conclusions:

    • The ENCODE dataset, while valuable, exhibits representational biases.
    • Applying a G/E correction factor can enhance the utility and representativeness of ENCODE data for broader genomic analysis.