Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
Published on: October 14, 2022
Cerebrospinal fluid galactorrhea: a rare complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunting
Sai-Cheung Lee1, Jyi-Feng Chen, Po-Hsun Tu
1Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Abstract:
In this report we describe a 26-year-old woman who had an intra-abdominal pseudocyst located at the peritoneal catheter tip following ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt implantation. Retrograde cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flowed outside the catheter and communicated with the right breast lactiferous ductal system and leaked from the nipple orifice. CSF galactorrhea only occurs when the lactiferous duct is injured during VP shunt implantation, in combination with the formation of an intra-abdominal CSF pseudocyst prior to lactiferous duct healing. Leakage of CSF from the nipple orifice can be successfully treated by simply guiding the peritoneal catheter tip into the peritoneal cavity through a new laparotomy; that is, shunt revision is not always required.
Related Concept Videos
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology
Cerebrospinal Fluid
CSF Production
CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the ventricular system of the brain.
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles
