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Related Concept Videos

The Placebo Effect01:54

The Placebo Effect

The placebo effect occurs when people's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply expecting something to happen can actually make it happen.
Blind Procedures02:07

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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
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Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
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Spare Receptors

Some receptors remain unoccupied even when an agonist produces a maximal response. Such empty ones are called spare receptors. In presence of spare receptors the maximum effect of an agonist drug is achieved with fewer than 100% of the receptors being occupied. To determine the presence of spare receptors, scientists often compare the concentration of the drug needed to produce 50% of the maximum effect (EC50) with the concentration of the drug needed to occupy 50% of the receptors (Kd). If the...
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The potency of a drug is the measure of its ability to produce a biological response and can be compared by looking at the half-maximum effective concentration or EC50 values of different drugs. A lower EC50 value indicates higher potency of the drug. In the dose–response curve of two antihypertensive drugs, candesartan and irbesartan, a significant difference is observed in their EC50 values. A lower EC50 value for candesartan indicates that it is more potent than irbesartan, as it produces...
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Dose-Response Relationship: Overview

Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...

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How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants
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Published on: December 14, 2014

Do "placebo responders" exist?

Ted J Kaptchuk1, John M Kelley, Aaron Deykin

  • 1Osher Research Center, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ted_kaptchuk@hms.harvard.edu

Contemporary Clinical Trials
|April 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigates reliable placebo responders. Research suggests that consistent placebo responses may exist, particularly in asthma patients, but more rigorous models are needed for confirmation.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Psychology
  • Clinical trials

Background:

  • The placebo effect is controversial.
  • Reliable placebo response is crucial for advancing research and clinical trial design.
  • Existing evidence on placebo responders is often contradictory and methodologically weak.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if reliable placebo responders exist.
  • To examine the evidence for consistent placebo responders across different conditions.
  • To propose a model for investigating placebo response stability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experiments using multiple placebo administrations.
  • Analysis of studies on asthma patients exposed to placebo with deceptive suggestions.
  • Examination of historical and recent research on placebo response consistency.

Main Results:

  • Early evidence (pre-1967) is contradictory and methodologically flawed.
  • Post-1969 studies on asthma patients suggest potential for detecting reliable placebo responses.
  • Results are not unequivocal and may not apply to non-deceptive conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The existence of reliable and consistent placebo responders requires further rigorous investigation.
  • Asthma patients may be a suitable population for detecting placebo responses.
  • A new model is proposed to rigorously study the stability of placebo responses.