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Formation of Complex Ions

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

Published on: September 8, 2016

Sulfate ion encapsulation in caged supramolecular structures assembled by second-sphere coordination.

Biao Wu¹, Jianjun Liang, Jin Yang

¹State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Lonzhou 730000, China. wubiao@lzb.ac.cn

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|April 2, 2008

Summary

A tripodal tris(3-pyridylurea) receptor forms supramolecular cages with metal sulfate salts, strongly binding sulfate ions through hydrogen bonds and coordination. This reveals a novel method for sulfate encapsulation in solution.

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Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Coordination Chemistry
Chemical Sensing

Background:

Tripodal urea receptors are known for anion binding.
Metal-organic cages offer potential for ion encapsulation and separation.
Sulfate (SO4(2-)) recognition remains a challenge in solution-phase chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize novel supramolecular cages for sulfate ion encapsulation.
To investigate the binding mechanism and strength of sulfate ions within these cages.
To explore the potential of these systems for solution-phase sulfate detection.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of a tripodal tris(3-pyridylurea) receptor (L).
Assembly of supramolecular cages [SO(4) subset L(2)] with MnSO(4) and ZnSO(4).
Characterization using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS).

Main Results:

Formation of stable supramolecular cages encapsulating sulfate ions.
Evidence of strong sulfate binding through multiple hydrogen bonds and second-sphere coordination.
Spectroscopic data (1H NMR, ESI-MS) confirmed the cage structure and sulfate encapsulation in solution.

Conclusions:

The tripodal receptor effectively forms supramolecular cages with metal sulfates.
These cages demonstrate robust sulfate binding in solution, driven by hydrogen bonding and coordination.
The developed system shows promise for selective sulfate recognition and encapsulation.