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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Arteries of Lower Limbs

Arteries of Lower Limbs

The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular artery,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

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Published on: May 1, 2015

[Malformations of the lower extremities].

¹Kinderorthopädische Universitätsklinik, Universitätskinderklinik beider Basel (UKBB), Postfach, 4005 Basel, Schweiz. fritz.hefti@unibas.ch

|April 2, 2008

Summary

Congenital lower extremity deficiencies, affecting 18 in 100,000 newborns, stem from genetic or early pregnancy factors. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary team approach for optimal outcomes.

Area of Science:

Orthopedics and Genetics
Developmental Biology
Pediatric Surgery

Context:

Congenital lower extremity deficiencies are rare malformations, impacting approximately 18 in 100,000 live births.
Etiologies include toxic exposures during early gestation (4-12 weeks) and genetic factors.
Common types include fibular hemimelia, congenital femoral deficiency, and tibial hemimelia, often with associated digital or ray defects.

Purpose:

To provide an overview of congenital deficiencies of the lower extremities.
To discuss the incidence, common types, and associated conditions.
To outline available treatment modalities and the importance of specialized care.

Summary:

The incidence of congenital lower extremity deficiencies is approximately 18 per 100,000 newborns.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

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Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

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Fibular hemimelia is the most common type, followed by congenital femoral and tibial hemimelias.

Treatment strategies range from conservative measures to surgical interventions, necessitating a multidisciplinary team.

Impact:

Highlights the rarity and diverse origins of these congenital conditions.
Emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and comprehensive management by specialists.
Informs clinicians and researchers about the spectrum of lower limb malformations and their treatment.