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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...

Direct Motor Pathways

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...

MAPK Signaling Cascades

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

Mcl-1: a gateway to TRAIL sensitization.

Seok-Hyun Kim¹, M Stacey Ricci, Wafik S El-Deiry

¹Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Cell Cycle Regulation, Department of Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Cancer Research

|April 3, 2008

Summary

Combining tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) with sorafenib enhances cancer cell killing. This combination therapy, by down-regulating Mcl-1, offers a promising strategy against difficult-to-treat cancers.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 7, 2014

Non-invasive Assessment of Changes in Corticomotoneuronal Transmission in Humans

Non-invasive Assessment of Changes in Corticomotoneuronal Transmission in Humans

Published on: May 24, 2017

Area of Science:

Oncology
Molecular Biology
Drug Development

Background:

The proapoptotic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) shows potential as a selective anticancer agent.
Limited efficacy of TRAIL against certain cancer cell lines raises concerns about its clinical utility.

Purpose of the Study:

To review findings on enhancing cancer cell sensitivity to TRAIL.
To explore the role of Mcl-1 down-regulation in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature.
Analysis of the effects of sorafenib on Mcl-1 expression.
Investigation of combination therapy strategies.

Main Results:

Sorafenib, a Raf/VEGF kinase inhibitor, significantly increases cancer cell sensitivity to TRAIL.
Down-regulation of the Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1 by sorafenib is a key mechanism.
The combination of TRAIL and sorafenib demonstrates enhanced cancer cell killing.

Conclusions:

The TRAIL-sorafenib combination therapy is a promising strategy for overcoming TRAIL resistance.
This approach may offer an effective tool against various human cancers.
Targeting Mcl-1 in conjunction with TRAIL could improve cancer treatment outcomes.