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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
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Published on: March 14, 2011

Adverse consequences of immunostimulation.

Rafael Ponce1

  • 1ZymoGenetics, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98102, USA. poncer@zgi.com

Journal of Immunotoxicology
|April 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunostimulatory agents treat infections and cancer through various mechanisms. This review details key toxicities like cytokine storms and autoimmunity discussed by experts.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
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Published on: March 14, 2011

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Immunotoxicology
  • Oncology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Immunostimulatory agents, including vaccines, recombinant cytokines (e.g., interferon-alpha, interleukin-2), and monoclonal antibodies (e.g., rituximab, alemtuzumab, trastuzumab), are used therapeutically for infections and cancers.
  • These agents function by stimulating the immune system, targeting malignant cells, or modulating immune regulatory pathways, as exemplified by the anti-CD28 antibody TGN1412.

Framework:

  • A panel convened at the Immunotoxicology IV meeting in 2006 to discuss potential toxicities associated with immunostimulation.
  • Experts from academia, industry, and regulatory bodies (US FDA) participated in the panel discussion.

Implementation:

  • The panel reviewed major identified toxicities associated with immunostimulatory agents.
  • Key toxicities discussed include the acute phase response, cell and tissue abnormalities/injury, cytokine release/cytokine storm, tumor lysis syndrome, vascular leak, and autoimmunity.

Implications:

  • Understanding these toxicities is crucial for the safe development and clinical application of immunostimulatory therapies.
  • This review synthesizes expert discussions to highlight critical safety considerations in immunotherapy.