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Related Concept Videos

Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Photoluminescence offers a wide range of applications due to its inherent sensitivity and selectivity. This technique allows for both direct and indirect analyses of the analyte. Direct quantitative analysis is possible when the analyte exhibits a favorable quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence. However, an indirect analysis may be feasible if the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent, or if the quantum yield is unfavorable. Indirect methods include reacting the analyte with...
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Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids
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Photoconduction in amorphous organic solids.

Dirk Hertel1, Heinz Bässler

  • 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Luxemburger Str. 116, 50939 Cologne, Germany. dirk.hertel@uni-koeln.de

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
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Summary

This study highlights photoconduction principles in organic semiconductors, focusing on optical charge generation and transport. It reviews mechanisms, models, and recent advancements in disordered materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic electronics
  • Photoconduction mechanisms

Background:

  • Organic semiconductors are crucial for modern electronic devices.
  • Understanding charge carrier generation and transport is key to device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the fundamental principles of photoconduction in organic semiconductors.
  • To highlight elementary processes, their role in devices, and recent developments.
  • To discuss limitations of current charge generation models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental results and theoretical models.
  • Discussion of charge generation mechanisms (e.g., Onsager theory).
  • Outline of charge transport concepts (e.g., hopping in disordered systems).

Main Results:

  • Visualization of optical charge generation in organic solids.
  • Identification of limitations in existing charge generation models.
  • Characterization of charge transport peculiarities in disordered organic semiconductors.

Conclusions:

  • Photoconduction in organic semiconductors involves complex charge generation and transport processes.
  • Disordered organic semiconductors exhibit unique transport behaviors.
  • Advancements in understanding ultrafast and single-chain transport are crucial.