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Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

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Translational research: Whither the ORS?

Joshua J Jacobs¹

¹Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA. joshua.jacobs@rushortho.com

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society

|April 3, 2008

Summary

The Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) should develop a translational roadmap to enhance musculoskeletal health research. This initiative will foster interdisciplinary collaboration and career development in translational science.

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Area of Science:

Orthopaedic research
Translational science
Musculoskeletal health

Background:

Growing demand for research translation in healthcare.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap for Medical Research initiative as a precedent.
Need for a structured approach to translate orthopaedic research findings.

Discussion:

Proposed ORS translational roadmap parallels NIH themes.
Key themes include interdisciplinary teams, disease focus, education, career pathways, and research interactions.
The ORS is well-positioned to lead this translational effort.

Key Insights:

A dedicated translational roadmap can enhance the ORS's relevance.
Focusing on specific musculoskeletal diseases will drive targeted research.
Cross-disciplinary education is crucial for effective translational skills.

Outlook:

The ORS can become a catalyst for improving public musculoskeletal health.
Fostering translational career pathways will build a stronger research workforce.
Establishing a "translational interface" will facilitate critical research interactions.