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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

The thyroid gland: recurring problems in histologic and cytologic evaluation.

William C Faquin1

  • 1Department of Pathology, WRN 219, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA. WFaquin@Partners.org

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
|April 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid nodules are common, with most benign. However, diagnosing thyroid cancer, the most common endocrine malignancy, presents challenges in histologic and cytologic evaluation.

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodules are common, affecting up to 7% of the population.
  • Thyroid carcinomas are the most frequent endocrine system malignancy.
  • Histologic and cytologic evaluation of thyroid carcinomas presents diagnostic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review problematic areas in the evaluation of thyroid carcinomas.
  • To discuss challenging variants and diagnostic criteria for thyroid cancer.
  • To highlight key areas for improving diagnostic accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of challenging cases in thyroid carcinoma diagnosis.
  • Analysis of histologic and cytologic features.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and screening methods.

Main Results:

  • Identification of unusual histologic variants of follicular adenoma.
  • Clarification of criteria for minimally invasive follicular carcinoma.
  • Evaluation of fine-needle aspiration for follicular neoplasia screening.
  • Discussion of challenging variants of papillary carcinoma.
  • Review of features of poorly differentiated carcinoma.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma requires careful evaluation of challenging histologic and cytologic features.
  • Addressing specific diagnostic dilemmas can improve patient management.
  • Further refinement of diagnostic criteria is essential for optimal patient outcomes.