Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

CD4+ T cells from type 1 diabetic and healthy subjects exhibit different thresholds of activation to a naturally

Junbao Yang1, Nancy Danke, Michelle Roti

  • 1Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.

Journal of Autoimmunity
|April 4, 2008
PubMed

Recent studies suggest that insulin is a primary autoantigen for type 1 diabetes. Several studies have identified preproinsulin (PPI) 76-90 as an immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope. We developed a class II tetramer reagent using a modified PPI peptide with a lysine to serine substitution at position 88 (PPI 78-90(88S)) that has high binding affinity to DRA1*0101/DRB1*0401 (DR0401). Using this tetramer, positive responses were observed from both DR0401 healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects when T cells were stimulated with the PPI 78-90(88S) peptide. Seventy percent of these T cells proliferated in response to both the wild type PPI 76-90 and PPI 78-90(88S) peptides. However, when T cells were stimulated with wild type peptide and assayed with DR0401/PPI 78-90(88S), positive responses were only detected in the diabetic group but not in healthy subjects. When highly purified CD4+CD25-CD45RA+ T cells were stimulated with PPI 78-90(88S) peptide in the absence of antigen-presenting cells, T cells from the diabetic group were able to respond to peptide stimulation, while T cells from healthy subjects were not. These data suggest that T cells from type 1 diabetic subjects have a lower threshold of activation in response to PPI peptide stimulation as compared to healthy subjects.

More Related Videos

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays08:32

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays

Published on: September 10, 2012

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model11:31

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

Published on: August 16, 2019

Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...