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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Thyroid functions in children with Down's syndrome.

Kevalee Unachak1, Pranoot Tanpaiboon, Yupada Pongprot

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. kunachak@mail.med.cmu.ac.th

Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet
|April 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sub-clinical hypothyroidism is common in children with Down syndrome. Regular thyroid function tests are essential for monitoring and managing this condition in pediatric patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) is associated with various health complications.
  • Thyroid dysfunction is a known concern in individuals with Down syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess thyroid function in children diagnosed with Down syndrome.
  • To investigate the link between overt thyroid disease and congenital anomalies in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated 140 pediatric patients with Down syndrome (age range: 3 days to 13 years 9 months).
  • Assessed karyotype, thyroid function tests, and presence of congenital anomalies.

Main Results:

  • 40% of patients exhibited abnormal thyroid function, primarily hypothyroidism (37.9%).
  • Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was the most frequent abnormality (32.9%).
  • No statistical correlation found between congenital anomalies (cardiac, gastrointestinal) and thyroid disease status.

Conclusions:

  • Sub-clinical hypothyroidism is the predominant thyroid abnormality in children with Down syndrome.
  • Longitudinal thyroid function monitoring is crucial for establishing management guidelines.