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Related Concept Videos

Bullying02:04

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is bullying.
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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
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Published on: February 23, 2015

Gender, victimization, and psychiatric outcomes.

A Gershon1, K Minor, C Hayward

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5722, USA.

Psychological Medicine
|April 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Childhood victimization does not explain gender differences in depression rates. This review found no consistent evidence that childhood abuse differentially impacts psychiatric outcomes between males and females.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychology
  • Gender Studies

Background:

  • Gender disparities in internalizing disorders, like depression, are documented but poorly understood.
  • A key hypothesis suggests differential effects of childhood sexual abuse contribute to higher female depression rates.
  • This study examines if childhood victimization moderates psychiatric outcomes differently across genders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the hypothesis that gender differences in the effects of childhood victimization contribute to gender disparities in psychiatric outcomes.
  • To synthesize existing research on the moderating role of gender in the relationship between childhood victimization and psychiatric outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted using PsycINFO and Medline.
  • Inclusion criteria included publications from 1996-2006, community samples, adequate gender representation, defined psychiatric outcomes, and statistical testing of gender differences.
  • Thirty studies met the criteria.

Main Results:

  • Results were mixed, with nearly half of studies finding no gender differences.
  • When differences emerged, victimization was linked to higher psychiatric risk in adult females but in youth males.
  • Observed gender differences in outcomes spanned both internalizing and externalizing categories for both genders.

Conclusions:

  • The study concludes that gender differences in the prevalence of internalizing disorders are not explained by differential effects of childhood victimization.
  • The findings do not support the hypothesis that childhood sexual abuse accounts for higher depression rates in females.