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Related Concept Videos

Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
05:37

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion

Published on: August 6, 2019

Fusions at the craniovertebral junction.

Raheel Ahmed1, Vincent C Traynelis, Arnold H Menezes

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 1824 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|April 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric craniovertebral junction instability requires specialized surgical techniques. Early stabilization in children under 5 did not impede cervical spine growth, suggesting safety for younger patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
05:37

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion

Published on: August 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Spinal Surgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Pediatric craniovertebral junction (CVJ) instability presents unique surgical challenges due to anatomical differences and syndromic variations.
  • Existing data on spinal instrumentation primarily comes from adult studies, limiting guidance for pediatric cases.
  • Cervical arthrodesis in children risks growth impairment and secondary deformities, necessitating careful surgical planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review surgical techniques and outcomes for craniovertebral junction instability in pediatric patients.
  • To evaluate the indications and methods for atlantoaxial and occipitocervical fusions in children.
  • To assess the impact of early surgical intervention on cervical spine growth.

Main Methods:

  • Review of over 750 craniovertebral junction fusions in children with various congenital and acquired abnormalities.
  • Detailed description of indications for atlantoaxial and occipitocervical fusions, including specific syndromes and trauma.
  • Discussion of surgical techniques such as interlaminar rib graft, transarticular screw fixation, lateral mass screws, and rod fixation, with age-specific considerations.

Main Results:

  • No abnormal cervical spine growth was observed in children undergoing CVJ stabilization before age 5.
  • Rigid instrumentation was reserved for children over 10 years old, guided by anatomical considerations.
  • Various fusion techniques were employed based on the specific CVJ instability and patient age.

Conclusions:

  • Craniocervical stabilization in young children (under 5) appears safe regarding cervical spine growth.
  • Surgical management of pediatric CVJ instability requires tailored techniques based on age and anatomy.
  • Advances in imaging and surgical techniques are improving outcomes for pediatric craniocervical stabilization.