Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Thiazide-Class Diuretics01:15

Antihypertensive Drugs: Thiazide-Class Diuretics

Thiazide diuretics are sulfonamide derivatives featuring a benzothiadiazine ring system in their molecular structure. Based on this structure, thiazide diuretics can be categorized into two groups: thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics. Thiazide-type diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide, consist of a benzothiadiazine backbone with an attached sulfonamide group. Thiazide-like diuretics, such as chlorthalidone and indapamide, lack the thiazide ring but demonstrate...
Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The disordered structure of sparsentan: energy calculations for competing chain conformations.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry·2025
Same author

Semisynthetic Derivatives of Perovskone: Development of a Promising Class of Antiprotozoal Lead Compounds.

Journal of natural products·2025
Same author

Synthesis and Thermal Studies of Two Phosphonium Tetrahydroxidohexaoxidopentaborate(1-) Salts: Single-Crystal XRD Characterization of [<sup>i</sup>PrPPh<sub>3</sub>][B<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>]·3.5H<sub>2</sub>O and [MePPh<sub>3</sub>][B<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>]·B(OH)<sub>3</sub>·0.5H<sub>2</sub>O.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same author

Iclaprim mesylate displaying a hydrogen-bonded mol-ecular tape.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2023
Same author

Crystal structure, PIXEL calculations of inter-molecular inter-action energies and solid-state characterization of the herbicide isoxaflutole.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2022
Same author

A Fluoroponytailed NHC-Silver Complex Formed from Vinylimidazolium/AgNO<sub>3</sub> under Aqueous-Ammoniacal Conditions.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same journal

Intermolecular C-H···O, Cl···Cl and π-π interactions in the 2-dichloromethyl derivative of vitamin K3.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications·2013
Same journal

Isolation, pharmacological activity and structure determination of physalin B and 5β,6β-epoxyphysalin B isolated from Congolese Physalis angulata L.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications·2013
Same journal

Transannular S···N interactions in 10-ethynyl-10H-phenothiazine 5-oxide and 5,5-dioxide.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications·2013
Same journal

Two polymorphs of 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridinium hydrogen N-acetyl-L-glutamate from powder diffraction data.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications·2013
Same journal

Three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded assembly in 2,2'-disulfanylidene-5,5'-biimidazolidinylidene-4,4'-dione-dimethylformamide-water (3/2/4).

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications·2013
Same journal

Head-to-tail square-shaped cyclic hydrogen bonds leading to dimeric aggregates: 1,8-dibenzoyl-2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene and a comparison with its analogous benzoylnaphthalene.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications·2013
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies
12:05

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies

Published on: March 6, 2013

Delta-sulfanilamide.

Thomas Gelbrich1, Ann L Bingham, Terence L Threlfall

  • 1University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England. gelbrich@soton.ac.uk

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The delta polymorph of sulfanilamide exhibits a unique 3D hydrogen-bonded network, driven by R(2)(2)(8) rings formed by sulfonamide groups. This highlights how sulfanilamide

More Related Videos

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products
09:04

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Published on: September 9, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies
12:05

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies

Published on: March 6, 2013

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products
09:04

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Published on: September 9, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Sulfanilamide (4-aminobenzenesulfonamide) is a foundational antibiotic.
  • Polymorphism, the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one crystal form, significantly impacts drug properties.
  • Understanding crystal structures is crucial for drug development and formulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the crystal structure of the delta polymorph of sulfanilamide.
  • To elucidate the hydrogen bonding network governing its solid-state structure.
  • To correlate the observed polymorphism with the molecule's hydrogen bonding capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonds, was performed.
  • Topological analysis of the hydrogen bond network was conducted using graph set notation.

Main Results:

  • The delta polymorph of sulfanilamide features a complex three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network.
  • A dominant two-dimensional layered substructure with R(2)(2)(8) rings was identified.
  • These rings arise from specific dimeric N-H...O hydrogen bonds between adjacent sulfonamide groups.

Conclusions:

  • The hydrogen bonding capabilities of sulfanilamide are directly responsible for its observed polymorphism.
  • The R(2)(2)(8) ring motif is a key feature in the self-assembly of sulfanilamide in the solid state.
  • This study provides insights into the structure-property relationships of sulfanilamide, relevant for pharmaceutical applications.