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Related Concept Videos

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates these...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through interaction...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Acupoint Application Combined with Acupressure as an Adjunctive Therapy for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
05:56

Acupoint Application Combined with Acupressure as an Adjunctive Therapy for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

Published on: June 21, 2024

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Lisa Lohr1

  • 1University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. llohr1@fairview.org

Cancer Journal (Sudbury, Mass.)
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) significantly impacts cancer patients. Effective antiemetic regimens, including serotonin antagonists and other agents, are crucial for managing CINV symptoms and improving quality of life.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common and debilitating side effect for cancer patients.
  • CINV pathophysiology involves complex interactions between the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, and various neurotransmitters, including serotonin, neurokinin-1, and dopamine receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of CINV mechanisms and risk factors.
  • To outline recommended antiemetic strategies for different chemotherapy regimens.
  • To discuss pharmacological options for managing breakthrough and refractory CINV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CINV.
  • Analysis of neurotransmitter involvement in CINV.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Acupoint Application Combined with Acupressure as an Adjunctive Therapy for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
05:56

Acupoint Application Combined with Acupressure as an Adjunctive Therapy for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

Published on: June 21, 2024

  • Categorization of antiemetic regimens based on chemotherapy emetogenicity and patient risk factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Key neurotransmitter receptors involved in CINV are serotonin, neurokinin-1, and dopamine.
    • Risk factors for CINV include patient demographics, prior CINV history, and chemotherapy properties.
    • Specific antiemetic combinations are recommended for highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy, with options for breakthrough and refractory symptoms.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimal CINV management requires a multi-faceted approach considering chemotherapy type and patient-specific risk factors.
    • Combination antiemetic therapy, including serotonin antagonists, dexamethasone, and aprepitant, is effective for high-risk CINV.
    • Emerging evidence suggests potential roles for agents like olanzapine, casopitant, and gabapentin in CINV control.