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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
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Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants01:22

Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants

Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
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Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

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Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
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Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy01:23

Cellular Adaptation I: Introduction and Atrophy

Cells can adapt to environmental changes to maintain function and avoid injury, a process called cellular adaptation. Adapted cells exist in a reversible intermediate state with changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolism, or function. These responses help cells meet altered physiological or pathological demands; for example, enlargement of breast and uterine tissues during pregnancy. Early adaptations may enhance function, but persistent stress eventually causes tissue damage.Types of...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (KaAPC) for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells
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Published on: August 11, 2014

Aplastic anemia.

Neal S Young1, Phillip Scheinberg, Rodrigo T Calado

  • 1Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1202, USA. youngns@mail.nih.gov

Current Opinion in Hematology
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acquired aplastic anemia involves immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells. Advances in supportive care and salvage treatments improve long-term survival for patients with aplastic anemia.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Acquired aplastic anemia (AAA) is characterized by immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells, leading to pancytopenia and bone marrow failure.
  • Current treatments include immunosuppressive therapy and hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the immune-mediated pathogenesis of aplastic anemia.
  • To discuss current treatment strategies and advances in patient care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on aplastic anemia.
  • Analysis of immunological mechanisms and genetic factors involved in AAA.

Main Results:

  • Oligoclonally expanded cytotoxic T cells and upregulated T-bet contribute to hematopoietic progenitor apoptosis in AAA.
  • Reduced regulatory T cells exacerbate disease progression, while their infusion shows therapeutic potential.
  • Loss-of-function mutations in telomerase complex genes are implicated in a subset of cases.
  • Significant advances in supportive care and salvage treatments have improved long-term survival, even for non-responders to initial therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Recent evidence strongly supports an immune-mediated process in aplastic anemia pathogenesis.
  • Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the preferred treatment for young patients with severe AAA and a matched sibling donor.
  • Immunosuppressive therapy is a viable alternative when transplantation is not feasible.