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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
Expressing Solution Concentration02:48

Expressing Solution Concentration

A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
Concentrations may be quantitatively assessed using a wide variety of measurement units, each convenient for particular applications. Molarity (M) is a useful concentration unit for many applications in chemistry.
¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons01:03

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons

Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...
Bioequivalence: Overview01:16

Bioequivalence: Overview

Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage forms, and intended for the same administration routes. These pharmaceutical equivalents are deemed bioequivalent if the bioavailability of the active entity in the drug preparations is similar. Moreover, pharmaceutical equivalents demonstrating bioequivalence are also regarded as therapeutically equivalent. This means that when used as directed,...
Properties of Organometallic Compounds01:23

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.

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Reproducibility and Harmonization in Research Using Biological Standards: The Example of Platelet Agonist Collagen-Related Peptide
04:50

Reproducibility and Harmonization in Research Using Biological Standards: The Example of Platelet Agonist Collagen-Related Peptide

Published on: August 4, 2023

Reference materials and commutability.

Hubert W Vesper1, W Gregory Miller, Gary L Myers

  • 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. HVesper@cdc.gov

The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Commutability of reference materials is vital for accurate clinical chemistry measurements. This review details experimental methods to assess this critical property, ensuring reliable patient care.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Laboratory Medicine
  • Reference Materials

Background:

  • Accurate laboratory measurements are essential for patient care and disease management.
  • Standardization and traceability to reference systems ensure reliable results across time and location.
  • Reference materials are crucial for establishing traceability and are key components of reference systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the importance of reference material commutability in clinical chemistry.
  • To review experimental approaches for assessing commutability.
  • To highlight the significance of commutability for measurement procedures used directly on patient samples.

Main Methods:

  • The review synthesizes literature on experimental designs for assessing commutability.
  • Focuses on methods relevant to measurement procedures optimized for direct patient sample analysis.
  • Discusses the procedure-specific nature of commutability assessment.

Main Results:

  • Commutability ensures reference materials behave like patient samples across different measurement procedures.
  • Assessing commutability requires specific experimental designs.
  • This property is critical for the appropriate use of reference materials in clinical assays.

Conclusions:

  • Commutability is a critical property of reference materials for ensuring the validity of clinical laboratory measurements.
  • Understanding and assessing commutability is essential for reliable patient diagnosis and management.
  • The review provides a summary of methods to evaluate this key characteristic.