Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
Types of Intermediate Filaments01:31

Types of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and II are acidic and basic keratin proteins. Type III is of mesodermal origin and comprises four proteins: vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Vimentin is commonly found in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle cells, GFAP in astrocytes, while peripherin is found in peripheral nervous system neurons (PNS). Type...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses two major chronic disorders—ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease—each characterized by relapsing episodes of gastrointestinal inflammation. Although they share certain clinical features, their patterns of involvement and manifestations differ in ways that aid diagnosis and guide management.Ulcerative ColitisUlcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum and involves continuous inflammation of the mucosal layer. The disease course is marked...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Challenges and future directions for multiple sclerosis after the 2024 McDonald diagnostic criteria.

Nature medicine·2026
Same author

Abnormal B-Cell Exosome Proapoptotic and Antiapoptotic Cargo in Multiple Sclerosis: Potential Implication in Progressive Disease Biology.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2026
Same author

Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a new class of multiple sclerosis therapeutics.

The Lancet. Neurology·2026
Same author

Progression to Wheelchair in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Impact of Siponimod: Post Hoc Analyses From the EXPAND Study.

European journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Efficacy and safety of a bodyweight-adjusted higher dose of ocrelizumab in relapsing (MUSETTE) and primary progressive (GAVOTTE) multiple sclerosis: two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group phase 3b trials.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same author

The Effect of Ocrelizumab on Anti-JC Virus Antibody Index.

Brain and behavior·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
10:00

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Published on: March 24, 2015

Beta interferons in clinically isolated syndromes: a meta-analysis.

Ailton Melo1, Bernardo Rodrigues, Amit Bar-Or

  • 1Division of Neurology and Epidemiology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. asm@ufba.br

Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Early treatment with beta-interferon (IFN-β) significantly reduces the risk of developing clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients experiencing their first neurological event. This therapy also delays diagnosis by nearly a year with minimal side effects.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
10:00

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Published on: March 24, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Clinical Neurology
  • Pharmacological Research

Background:

  • Beta-interferon (IFN-β) is established to alter clinical and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Evidence for its efficacy in early-stage MS, specifically after a first clinical event, requires comprehensive synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis of published double-blind, randomized clinical trials.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of beta-interferon in preventing relapses and conversion to clinically definite MS in patients with a first clinical event suggestive of MS.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of published double-blind, randomized clinical trials.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on patients with a first clinical event suggestive of MS and a follow-up period of at least two years.

Main Results:

  • Beta-interferon significantly decreased the risk of conversion to clinically definite MS by 49% (relative risk 0.51, 95% CI [0.39-0.65]).
  • Treatment with beta-interferon delayed the time to MS diagnosis by an average of 367 days.
  • Reported side-effects were generally mild and self-limiting.

Conclusions:

  • Early treatment with beta-interferon is effective in reducing the conversion rate to clinically defined MS in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes.
  • The findings support the initiation of beta-interferon therapy in individuals at high risk for MS following an initial neurological event.