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Related Concept Videos

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...

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Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis
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Hedgehog signaling pathway function conserved in Tribolium segmentation.

Laila Farzana1, Susan J Brown

  • 1Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.

Development Genes and Evolution
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The Hedgehog signaling pathway is crucial for insect segmentation. In Tribolium beetles, this pathway, along with Engrailed and Wingless genes, maintains body segment boundaries and groove formation, similar to fruit flies.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Segment polarity genes regulate embryonic development in insects.
  • Hedgehog signaling is vital for establishing body plan organization.
  • Conservation of segmentation mechanisms across insect species is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conservation and function of Hedgehog pathway genes in Tribolium castaneum segmentation.
  • To compare the roles of segment polarity genes in short-germ (Tribolium) versus long-germ (Drosophila) insects.
  • To elucidate the functional conservation of the Engrailed-Wingless-Hedgehog gene circuit.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of orthologous genes: hedgehog (hh), smoothened (smo), patched (ptc), and cubitus interruptus (ci) in Tribolium.
  • Parental RNA interference (RNAi) to study gene function.
  • Expression pattern analysis of key developmental genes.
  • Phenotypic analysis of embryonic cuticles and larval stages.

Main Results:

  • Expression patterns of hh, smo, ptc, and ci orthologs are conserved between Tribolium and Drosophila.
  • RNAi knockdown of positive pathway regulators (Tc-hh, Tc-smo, Tc-ci) resulted in severe segmentation defects, forming small spherical cuticles.
  • RNAi knockdown of the negative regulator (Tc-ptc) led to transient ectopic segmental grooves.
  • Engrailed expression was initiated but not maintained in positive regulator knockdowns, while Wingless-independent Engrailed expression in the CNS persisted.
  • The Engrailed-Wingless-Hedgehog gene circuit is functionally conserved for maintaining segmental boundaries and groove formation.

Conclusions:

  • The segment polarity gene network, including the Engrailed-Wingless-Hedgehog circuit, is a robust and functionally conserved module for segmentation in short-germ insects like Tribolium.
  • Hedgehog signaling plays a conserved role in maintaining parasegmental boundaries and segmental groove formation during Tribolium development.
  • These findings highlight the deep evolutionary conservation of fundamental developmental mechanisms in insects.