The phenotypic heterogeneity of severe hemophilia

It has been long recognized that 10 to 15% of patients with "phenotypically characterized" severe hemophilia (< 1% clotting factor activity) have relatively mild disease clinically. Not all these patients have frequent spontaneous bleeding, and even among those who bleed, the extent of joint damage tends to vary considerably. The basis for this difference has not been completely understood. This article reviews the literature on possible determinants of phenotypic variation in patients with severe hemophilia. Apart from the well-recognized associations of the level of residual clotting factor activity, pharmacokinetics of administered clotting factor concentrates, and presence of prothrombotic markers, there is evidence to suggest that variations in other coagulation proteins as assessed in tests of global hemostasis as well as the fibrinolytic system can affect the clinical severity of bleeding. We also hypothesize that mediators of the inflammatory response in the synovium are likely to impact the severity of joint damage in these patients. One of the major issues in the management of hemophilia today is to decide on ways in which therapy, particularly the initiation and intensity of prophylaxis, can be individualized. A detailed understanding of all factors that may contribute to joint damage in severe hemophilia could help us in tailoring therapy for these individuals.