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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Coactivators and nuclear receptor transactivation.

Irene M Wolf1, Marjet D Heitzer, Melanie Grubisha

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear receptor coregulators are key proteins that regulate gene activity. Genetic studies reveal their crucial roles in human health and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nuclear receptors regulate gene transcription.
  • Coregulator proteins are essential partners for nuclear receptors.
  • Coregulators influence transcription through various mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the diverse functions of nuclear receptor coregulators.
  • To highlight the role of coregulators in chromatin modification and transcription.
  • To underscore the significance of coregulators in human physiology and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on nuclear receptor coregulators.
  • Analysis of genetic studies in humans and animal models.
  • Examination of coregulator interactions with nuclear receptors and chromatin.

Main Results:

  • Coregulators directly bind nuclear receptors, recruiting other factors.
  • Coregulators modify histones and facilitate chromatin remodeling.
  • Coregulators impact transcription initiation, elongation, and mRNA splicing.
  • Genetic analyses demonstrate cell- and tissue-specific functions of coregulators.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear receptor coregulators are critical for precise transcriptional control.
  • Coregulator functions are vital for maintaining human health.
  • Dysregulation of coregulators contributes to various diseases.