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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury
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Learning, memory and executive functions in children with hydrocephalus.

Barbro Lindquist1, Eva-Karin Persson, Paul Uvebrant

  • 1Department of Habilitation, Halmstad County Hospital, Halmstad, Sweden.

Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Children with hydrocephalus, even without learning disabilities, show impaired learning, memory, and executive functions. The condition itself, not the cause, significantly impacts cognitive development.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
  • Cognitive deficits are common in children with hydrocephalus, but the impact of hydrocephalus itself, independent of other brain lesions, is not fully understood.
  • Previous studies often did not differentiate between isolated hydrocephalus and cases with associated conditions like myelomeningocele (MMC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate learning, memory, and executive functions in children with hydrocephalus but without diagnosed learning disabilities.
  • To compare cognitive abilities between children with isolated hydrocephalus and those with hydrocephalus combined with myelomeningocele (MMC).

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 36 children with hydrocephalus (intelligence quotient [IQ] ≥70) was assessed using the neuropsychological assessment of the school-aged child (NIMES) test battery.
  • Participants were compared to age- and gender-matched control groups.
  • The study included children born between 1989-1993 in western Sweden.

Main Results:

  • Children with hydrocephalus demonstrated significant impairments in learning, memory, and executive functions compared to controls, with the exception of registration and recognition skills.
  • No significant cognitive differences were observed between children with infantile hydrocephalus and those with hydrocephalus associated with MMC.
  • Even children with an IQ above 84 performed significantly worse than their non-hydrocephalic peers.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrocephalus is associated with significant deficits in learning, memory, and executive functions, even in children with an IQ of 70 or higher and without overt learning disabilities.
  • The presence of hydrocephalus itself appears to be a primary factor influencing cognitive development, more so than the underlying etiology, when major brain lesions are absent.
  • These findings highlight the importance of addressing hydrocephalus as a significant factor in cognitive outcomes in children.