Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Proximity labelling of D1-like dopamine receptors reveals distinct cellular environments and uncovers trafficking proteins that regulate DA mediated behaviors in <i>Drosophila</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Pharmacological rescue of mitochondrial dysfunction, neurite degeneration, and premature death of ALS and AD iPSC-derived neurons.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Dopamine neuron specific RNA-sequencing reveals Neprilysin 1 acts downstream of the cohesin complex to suppress learning.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Atypical developmental remodeling of dopamine neurons involves AKT-GSK3β signaling and glia activity.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

A Review of the Links Between Work and Heart Disease in the 21st Century.

Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal·2024
Same author

Mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics in Alzheimer's induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning
09:48

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

Published on: August 7, 2014

Olfactory memory traces in Drosophila.

Jacob Berry1, William C Krause, Ronald L Davis

  • 1Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Progress in Brain Research
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fruit flies form robust memories by creating cellular traces in the brain. These traces, involving changes in neurons, occur in different brain regions and timeframes following odor-shock learning.

More Related Videos

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer
08:52

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

Published on: August 20, 2016

In Vivo Imaging of Neural Activity in Unanesthetized Drosophila Adult Flies
09:15

In Vivo Imaging of Neural Activity in Unanesthetized Drosophila Adult Flies

Published on: June 20, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning
09:48

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

Published on: August 7, 2014

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer
08:52

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

Published on: August 20, 2016

In Vivo Imaging of Neural Activity in Unanesthetized Drosophila Adult Flies
09:15

In Vivo Imaging of Neural Activity in Unanesthetized Drosophila Adult Flies

Published on: June 20, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Behavioral memory in Drosophila is linked to cellular memory traces in the central nervous system.
  • These traces involve neuronal alterations that modify responses to learned environments.
  • Recent advances in in vivo functional imaging enable observation of these cellular traces in live animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal and spatial dynamics of cellular memory traces in Drosophila.
  • To identify the specific brain regions and time courses associated with different memory durations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized novel in vivo functional imaging techniques to observe cellular memory traces in intact Drosophila.
  • Examined cellular changes in response to paired odor and electric shock stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Identified a short-term cellular memory trace in the antennal lobe, involving new synaptic activity.
  • Discovered an intermediate-term trace in the dorsal paired medial neuron, crucial for memory stabilization.
  • Located a long-term, protein synthesis-dependent trace in the mushroom bodies, associated with olfactory learning.

Conclusions:

  • Aversive olfactory associations in Drosophila are encoded by multiple cellular memory traces.
  • These traces exhibit distinct temporal domains and are distributed across different brain regions.