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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
Published on: August 4, 2021
Tumor necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha haplotypes in idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss
Walid Zammiti1, Nabil Mtiraoui, Ramzi R Finan
1Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Unit of Hematologic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
Objective:
To investigate the contribution of the -238G/A and -308G/A tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, and +252A/G lymphotoxin (LT) alpha gene polymorphisms to idiopathic recurrent miscarriage (RM).
Design:
A retrospective case-control study.
Setting:
Outpatient maternity center.
Patient(S):
Study subjects comprised 372 RM women and 274 age-matched parous control women.
Intervention(S):
None.
Main Outcome Measure(S):
The TNFalpha and LTalpha gene variants and idiopathic RM.
Result(S):
Higher prevalence of TNFalpha -238A and LTalpha +252G alleles and LTalpha +252G/G genotype and lower frequencies of TNFalpha -308G/A were seen in RM cases. Three-loci haplotype analysis (TNFalpha -308GA/TNFalpha -238GA/LTalpha +252AG) demonstrated significant association between TNFalpha-LTalpha gene variants and RM. Both protective [-308A/-238G/+252A], and susceptible [-308G/-238A/+252G] haplotypes were identified. Mutlivariate regression analysis confirmed the association of -308G/-238A/+252G haplotype with exclusively early RM, after controlling for a number of covariates; no specific TNFalpha and LTalpha genotypes or haplotypes were linked with either late or combined early and late RM.
Conclusion(S):
The TNFalpha -238G/A and LTalpha +252A/G, but not TNFalpha -308G/A, polymorphic variants are associated with exclusively early idiopathic RM.
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