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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Generation of Patient-Derived Podocytes from Skin Biopsies
08:52

Generation of Patient-Derived Podocytes from Skin Biopsies

Published on: May 26, 2023

Gene expression patterns in glucose-stimulated podocytes.

Seung Hyeok Han1, Sanghwa Yang, Dong Sub Jung

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-Dong Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|April 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals key gene expression changes in podocytes under high glucose conditions, identifying potential targets for diabetic kidney disease research.

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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Generation of Patient-Derived Podocytes from Skin Biopsies
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Diabetology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Diabetic kidney disease is a major complication of diabetes.
  • Podocyte injury is a critical factor in diabetic nephropathy.
  • Understanding molecular mechanisms of podocyte damage is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gene expression profiles in podocytes exposed to high glucose.
  • To identify specific genes involved in diabetic podocyte injury.
  • To validate identified gene expression changes in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of glucose-stimulated mouse podocytes.
  • Real-time PCR and Western blotting for gene expression validation.
  • Immunohistochemistry on renal tissues from diabetic rats.

Main Results:

  • Identified differential gene expression in podocytes cultured with high glucose (30 mM).
  • Observed increased expression of heme oxygenase-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and thrombospondin-1.
  • Noted down-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor-gamma.
  • Validated findings in podocytes and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat kidneys.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first gene expression profiling study of podocyte injury in diabetic conditions.
  • Identified genes represent promising molecular targets for future diabetes research.
  • Findings contribute to understanding diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis.