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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
Kidney Transplant I: Introduction01:28

Kidney Transplant I: Introduction

A kidney transplant is a surgical approach that involves replacing a non-functioning kidney with a healthy one from a donor. This procedure is often a treatment option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The method requires careful recipient selection, including evaluating various medical and psychosocial factors. These criteria vary between transplant centers but generally include assessments of the patient's overall health, adherence to medical recommendations, and lifestyle...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry
11:54

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 13, 2019

A single-center experience with BK virus nephropathy.

U Ott1, T Steiner, M Busch

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine III, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.

Clinical Nephrology
|April 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

BK virus nephropathy poses a risk to kidney transplants. Leflunomide therapy effectively treated BK virus nephropathy, preventing allograft loss, unlike cidofovir.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry
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Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

Published on: June 30, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Virology
  • Transplantation Immunology

Background:

  • BK virus nephropathy is a growing cause of renal transplant dysfunction, exacerbated by potent immunosuppressants.
  • Differentiating BK virus nephropathy from acute rejection is challenging in post-transplant care.

Observation:

  • Retrospective analysis of 6 patients with BK virus nephropathy at a single transplant center.
  • BK virus nephropathy classification followed Drachenberg et al. (2004) criteria.

Findings:

  • Incidence of BK nephropathy was <1%; 4 patients had pattern B, 2 had pattern C.
  • Cidofovir treatment for BK virus nephropathy was unsatisfactory, leading to two allograft losses.
  • Leflunomide therapy, combined with low-dose steroids and therapeutic drug monitoring, prevented allograft loss in subsequent cases.

Implications:

  • An early detection algorithm involving urine cytology, PCR, and biopsy is crucial for timely BK virus nephropathy diagnosis.
  • Leflunomide demonstrates superior efficacy over cidofovir for treating BK virus nephropathy in renal allografts.
  • Optimized immunosuppression management is key to improving outcomes in renal transplant recipients with BK virus nephropathy.