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Related Concept Videos

Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Pain01:20

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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses
06:43

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

Published on: March 29, 2017

Pain and the immune system.

H L Rittner1, A Brack, C Stein

  • 1Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30 D-12200, Berlin, Germany. heike.rittner@charite.de

British Journal of Anaesthesia
|April 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune cells release opioid peptides that reduce inflammatory pain by acting on nerve endings. These immune-derived opioids also prevent tolerance to pain relief, offering new therapeutic avenues.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses
06:43

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

Published on: March 29, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Leukocytes (white blood cells) migrate to inflamed tissues and contain opioid peptides.
  • These opioid peptides can be released peripherally to bind opioid receptors, counteracting inflammatory pain.
  • Chemokines, adhesion molecules, and neurokinins like substance P regulate leukocyte migration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discoveries supporting the concept of analgesia mediated by immune-derived opioids.
  • To highlight the role of leukocyte-derived opioid peptides in pain modulation and tolerance.
  • To discuss the mechanisms of opioid peptide release from immune cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature and research findings.
  • Analysis of the molecular mechanisms controlling leukocyte migration and opioid peptide release.
  • Examination of evidence for the analgesic and anti-tolerance effects of endogenous opioids.

Main Results:

  • Leukocytes migrate to inflammatory sites and release opioid peptides that activate peripheral opioid receptors, producing analgesia.
  • Opioid peptide release from granulocytes is stimulated by chemokines (e.g., CXCR2 ligands) and involves intracellular calcium, phosphoinositol-3 kinase, and p38 MAPK.
  • Evidence suggests these immune-derived opioids not only provide pain relief but also prevent the development of tolerance at peripheral opioid receptors.

Conclusions:

  • Immune cells are a significant source of endogenous opioids with potent analgesic properties.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of immune-derived opioid release and action is crucial for developing novel pain therapies.
  • These findings challenge traditional views of opioid analgesia and open new avenues for treating inflammatory pain and opioid tolerance.