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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
08:50

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Electronically switchable sham transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) system.

Fumiko Hoeft1, Daw-An Wu, Arvel Hernandez

  • 1Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America. fumiko@stanford.edu

Plos One
|April 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A new attachment enables seamless, double-blind switching between real and sham Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). This innovation minimizes experimental bias, enhancing the reliability of TMS studies in neuroscience and clinical research.

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is crucial for establishing causal brain-behavior links and investigating therapeutic applications, such as in depression.
  • Peripheral effects of TMS (auditory clicks, muscle twitches) introduce significant concerns regarding subject bias and placebo effects in experimental designs.
  • Existing sham TMS methods lack the capability for seamless, trial-by-trial, double-blind intermixing of real and sham stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an attachment for rapid, automated switching between Standard TMS and control conditions (Sham and Reverse TMS).
  • To ensure double-blind experimental conditions by assessing the ability of subjects and experimenters to discriminate between stimulation types.
  • To verify the physical properties and efficacy of the developed TMS switching system.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an attachment enabling automated, fast switching between Standard, Sham, and Reverse TMS without coil repositioning.
  • Validation through mathematical modeling, search-coil measurements, and physiological recordings.
  • Perceptual discrimination and sensory perception studies to assess blinding effectiveness.

Main Results:

  • The attachment successfully allows for trial-by-trial switching between different TMS conditions.
  • Motor activation thresholds were significantly higher for Reverse TMS compared to Standard TMS; Sham TMS did not activate muscle potentials.
  • Subjects and experimenters demonstrated poor discrimination between Standard and Sham TMS (figure-of-eight coil) and Standard and Reverse TMS (circular coil), indicating effective blinding.

Conclusions:

  • The developed attachment provides a robust method for achieving double-blind, trial-by-trial control in TMS experiments.
  • This technique effectively minimizes confounds related to subject bias and placebo effects.
  • The system's versatility opens possibilities for diverse applications in basic neuroscience research and clinical trials.