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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment

Published on: March 24, 2020

External fixation: how to make it work.

Bruce H Ziran¹, Wade R Smith, Jeffrey O Anglen

¹Neoucom, St. Elizabeth Health Center, Youngstown, Ohio, USA.

Instructional Course Lectures

|April 11, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

External fixators, used for over a century, evolved with improved technology and understanding. Despite historical challenges and surgeon apprehension, external fixation is now a versatile tool for severe injuries.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Biomedical engineering
Trauma care

Background:

The external fixator has a history spanning over a century, with early designs by Wutzer, Parkhill, and Lambotte.
Vidal and Hoffmann popularized external fixators by 1960 for treating open fractures and infected pseudarthroses.
Late 20th-century complications stemmed from a lack of understanding and outdated technology, limiting use to severe cases.

Purpose of the Study:

To trace the historical development and evolution of external fixator technology.
To understand the reasons behind historical complications and current apprehension regarding external fixation.
To highlight the impact of improved technology and global collaboration on the success of external fixation.

Main Methods:

Historical review of external fixator development and application.
Analysis of factors contributing to complications and apprehension.
Examination of the influence of technological advancements and international collaboration.

Main Results:

Early external fixators faced limitations, leading to common complications like pin problems, nonunions, and malunions.
Significant advancements in technology and a deeper understanding of principles have increased versatility and improved outcomes.
The Ilizarov method and increased East-West collaboration were crucial in establishing the efficacy of external fixation.

Conclusions:

External fixation has evolved from a limited-use device to a versatile treatment option due to technological progress.
Despite proven success, apprehension among some US surgeons persists.
Continued education and demonstration of successful outcomes are key to broader adoption.