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Thermodynamic Systems01:06

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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
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A thermodynamic process is a path through a sequence of states that takes a system from an initial state to a final state. In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the changes in state properties and state functions (ΔT, Δp, ΔV, ΔU, ΔH) over one complete cycle are zero. However, heat and work transfers can still occur during the cycle, and the net heat and net work over the cycle need not be zero.A reversible process occurs when the system is...
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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
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Thermodynamic control by frequent quantum measurements.

Noam Erez1, Goren Gordon, Mathias Nest

  • 1Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

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Summary

Quantum measurements can reverse heat flow and reduce entropy, defying classical thermodynamics. Frequent quantum non-demolition measurements on two-level systems offer novel control over quantum heat and entropy.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Thermodynamics
  • Quantum Measurement Theory

Background:

  • Classical thermodynamics describes heat flow towards equilibrium, increasing entropy.
  • Quantum systems exhibit unique behaviors deviating from classical predictions, especially under measurement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of frequent quantum non-demolition measurements on thermal equilibrium between quantum systems and baths.
  • To explore deviations from standard thermodynamic rules in a purely quantum mechanical setting.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing the behavior of two-level systems (TLSs) interacting with a thermal bath.
  • Introducing frequent, brief quantum non-demolition measurements of TLS energy states.
  • Examining the Zeno and anti-Zeno regimes based on measurement frequency.

Main Results:

  • Observed anomalies in heat flow and entropy changes contrary to classical thermodynamics.
  • Demonstrated that system and bath entropy/temperature can decrease or increase based on observation rate.
  • Identified regimes where TLS relaxation speeds up (anti-Zeno) or slows down (Zeno).

Conclusions:

  • Frequent quantum measurements can disrupt thermal equilibrium, leading to non-Markovian thermodynamic effects.
  • These quantum anomalies offer potential for rapid cooling and state purification in quantum systems.
  • The findings challenge conventional understanding of thermodynamics in non-Markovian quantum regimes.