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Related Concept Videos

Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccinations01:51

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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Vaccines01:21

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
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Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
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[Immunization against varicella and zoster].

Daniel Floret1

  • 1Université Claude Bernard LYON 1, Service d'Urgence et de Réanimation Pédiatrique, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Place d'Arsonval 69437 Lyon.

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|April 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Two varicella-zoster virus vaccines are available in France, offering 85% efficacy against chickenpox. A two-dose schedule is recommended to prevent breakthrough infections and potential later disease onset in unvaccinated individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox, a common childhood illness.
  • Two live attenuated Oka strain vaccines are available in France for VZV prevention.
  • Current French guidelines are restrictive, but may be revised with new vaccine availability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy, tolerability, and duration of protection of VZV vaccines.
  • To compare the French vaccination strategy with the universal US program.
  • To discuss potential implications of vaccination coverage on disease incidence and zoster risk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of available literature on VZV vaccines.
  • Analysis of data from universal immunization programs, particularly in the USA.
  • Discussion of vaccine schedules, seroconversion rates, and clinical efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Vaccine efficacy is approximately 85% against all varicella forms and nearly 100% against severe forms.
  • Seroconversion rates exceed 95%, with antibody persistence beyond 5 years.
  • The US universal program reduced varicella incidence by 85% with 80% coverage.

Conclusions:

  • A two-dose vaccination schedule is advisable to minimize breakthrough varicella.
  • Insufficient vaccination coverage may lead to later disease onset and more severe cases in adolescents and adults.
  • Universal immunization could potentially increase zoster incidence, a concern emerging in the US.