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Related Concept Videos

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue, improving...
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
07:44

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism

Published on: September 6, 2024

Paradoxical air embolism successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen.

Jesse E Scruggs1, Aaron Joffe, Kenneth E Wood

  • 1Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine
|April 12, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Central venous catheters can cause air embolism. A case report highlights how air entering the arterial system through an undiagnosed heart defect led to stroke after catheter manipulation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
07:44

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism

Published on: September 6, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • Central venous catheters are essential but carry risks.
  • Air embolism can occur if the catheter is exposed to negative central venous pressure.
  • Paradoxical air embolism involves gas crossing a right-to-left shunt into arterial circulation.

Observation:

  • A patient experienced obtundation and stroke.
  • This occurred after inadvertent manipulation of a Hickman catheter.
  • An unknown patent foramen ovale was identified as the route for air entry.

Findings:

  • The case demonstrates a rare complication of central venous catheter use.
  • Undiagnosed cardiac shunts like patent foramen ovale pose a significant risk for paradoxical embolism.
  • Prompt recognition and management are crucial for patient outcomes.

Implications:

  • Highlights the importance of screening for cardiac shunts in patients with central venous catheters.
  • Emphasizes careful catheter handling to prevent air aspiration.
  • Informs clinical practice regarding the diagnosis and treatment of paradoxical air embolism.