Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
Published on: May 6, 2014
Is head balance a major determinant for swallowing problems in patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 2?
Lenie van den Engel-Hoek1, Bert J M de Swart, Corrie E Erasmus
1Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. L.vandenEngel@cukz.umcn.nl
Abstract:
A child with spinal muscular atrophy type 2 was referred for evaluation of eating and swallowing problems. The dysphagia evaluation demonstrated coughing during eating and drinking and occasionally stertorous when eating solid food. The videofluoroscopic swallow study showed a late upper esophageal sphincter opening with hypopharyngeal residue, more with solid food than with thin liquid. His lumbar lordosis associated with anterior tilted pelvis and his problems with head balance due to weak neck musculature caused compensatory behavior like a retracted neck and mandible. This position negatively influences the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter. This case supported the idea that dysphagia in spinal muscular atrophy type 2 is caused by both a bulbar component as well as a treatable posture component.
Related Concept Videos
Muscles that Move the Head
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
Esophageal Achalasia
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management
Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...