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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor
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Published on: July 13, 2015

Expression pattern and functional analysis of mouse Stam2 in the olfactory system.

Vesna Furić Cunko1, Dinko Mitrecić, Sandra Mavrić

  • 1Section of Cytogenetics, Neurogenetics and Developmental Genetics, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.

Collegium Antropologicum
|April 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Mice lacking the signal transducing adaptor molecule 2 (Stam2) gene showed impaired olfaction when fed, but not when fasted. This suggests Stam2

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06:32

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Signal transducing adaptor molecule 2 (Stam2) is implicated in lysosomal degradation of monoubiquitinated cargo.
  • Stam2 gene expression is high in the brain and olfactory epithelium, suggesting a role in olfaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo function of the Stam2 gene using a Stam2-deficient mouse model.
  • To determine the role of Stam2 in olfactory function.

Main Methods:

  • Gene trap mutant mice (Stam(gt1Gaj)) were used to study Stam2 function.
  • Olfactory function was assessed by a hidden food (chocolate) detection test.
  • Mice were tested under ad libitum feeding and overnight fasted conditions.
  • Expression analysis and morphological examination of the olfactory mucosa were performed.

Main Results:

  • Stam2 mutant mice exhibited impaired olfactory-guided behavior (longer time, more failures) when food was freely available.
  • No significant differences in olfactory performance were observed between mutant and wild-type mice after overnight fasting.
  • No alterations in olfactory mucosa morphology were detected in the mutant mice.

Conclusions:

  • The Stam2 gene plays a role in olfactory function, but its precise role is dependent on the experimental conditions, specifically feeding status.
  • Subtle changes in behavioral testing protocols, such as food deprivation, can significantly impact experimental outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the specific function of Stam2 in olfaction.