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Related Concept Videos

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...

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Mapping the Cellular Distribution of an Optogenetic Protein Using a Light-Stimulation Grid
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Guanylyl cyclases: approaching year thirty.

B J Wedel1, D L Garbers

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9050, USA.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|April 15, 2008
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is a vital second messenger. Recent guanylyl cyclase research reveals new isoforms, activators, and inhibitors, enhancing understanding of cGMP

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Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

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Measurement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in Solid Tissues using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
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Published on: January 27, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • Cyclic GMP (cGMP) identified in 1963 acts as a ubiquitous second messenger.
  • Guanylyl cyclases, enzymes forming cGMP from GTP, exist in soluble and particulate forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in guanylyl cyclase research.
  • To highlight new insights into enzyme structure and function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on guanylyl cyclase research.
  • Analysis of studies involving gene disruption, activators, and inhibitors.
  • Consideration of structural data for adenylyl cyclases.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of numerous new guanylyl cyclase isoforms.
  • Identification of novel inhibitors and activators.
  • Structural resolution of adenylyl cyclases providing functional clues.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress in understanding guanylyl cyclase structure and function.
  • New discoveries expand the knowledge of cGMP signaling pathways.
  • Ongoing research continues to uncover the complexity of guanylyl cyclases.