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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
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Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells
10:39

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Published on: August 24, 2009

Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in yeast.

C Pereira1, R D Silva, L Saraiva

  • 1Departamento de Biologia-Centro de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|April 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondria play a key role in yeast apoptosis, a process regulated by complex interactions. Studying yeast cell death provides insights into human diseases and mitochondrial protein functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitochondria are central to programmed cell death (apoptosis) in yeast.
  • Evidence includes reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and identification of death-mediating mitochondrial proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate regulation of yeast apoptosis involving mitochondria.
  • To understand how yeast cell death mechanisms inform higher eukaryotic and human disease studies.
  • To leverage yeast's unique properties for studying mitochondrial roles in apoptosis.

Main Methods:

  • Observational studies of ROS accumulation.
  • Identification and characterization of mitochondrial proteins involved in cell death.
  • Comparative analysis with mammalian apoptotic regulators.

Main Results:

  • Yeast apoptosis is elaborately regulated by distinct proteins and pathways.
  • Regulation depends on insult, growth conditions, and cell metabolism.
  • Interplay between death pathways and signaling routes creates an integrated cellular response.

Conclusions:

  • Yeast apoptosis research illuminates complex cell death mechanisms in higher eukaryotes and human diseases.
  • Yeast is a valuable model for studying mitochondrial involvement in apoptosis due to the absence of direct mammalian Bcl-2 family orthologues.
  • Yeast's ability to survive without functional mitochondria makes it ideal for investigating mitochondria-interacting proteins in cell death.