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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice
05:03

Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice

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Lymphoid tissue inducer cells in adaptive CD4 T cell dependent responses.

Peter Lane1, Mi-Yeon Kim, David Withers

  • 1MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK. p.j.l.lane@bham.ac.uk

Seminars in Immunology
|April 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells are found in adult organs, including the intestine. These cells recruit and sustain CD4 T cells, suggesting a role in immune responses and potential implications for HIV infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells are crucial for embryonic lymphoid organ development.
  • Their presence and function in adult tissues are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and role of LTi cells in adult tissues.
  • To explore the potential involvement of LTi cells in adaptive immunity and CD4 T cell regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of LTi cells in adult spleen, thymus, and intestinal submucosa.
  • Analysis of LTi cell functions in recruiting and sustaining CD4 T cells.

Main Results:

  • LTi cells were identified in adult spleen, thymus, and notably, the intestinal submucosa.
  • Evidence suggests LTi cells recruit and sustain primed CD4 T cells, supporting their role in adaptive immunity.

Conclusions:

  • LTi cells have roles beyond embryonic development, extending to adult immune homeostasis.
  • The function of LTi cells in supporting CD4 T cells may have implications for understanding CD4 T cell depletion in HIV infection.