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Related Concept Videos

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Update on viral hepatitis: 2007.

Bulent Degertekin1, Anna Sf Lok

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|April 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent viral hepatitis research shows new vaccines for Hepatitis A and E are effective. Antiviral therapies for Hepatitis C are advancing, with new drugs showing promise for patients.

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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Viral hepatitis remains a significant global health concern.
  • Ongoing research focuses on prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Developments in antiviral therapies and vaccines are crucial for disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in viral hepatitis research.
  • To summarize findings on vaccines and antiviral treatments for Hepatitis A, B, C, and E.
  • To provide an overview of publications from December 2006 to November 2007.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of publications within a specific timeframe.
  • Analysis of studies on vaccine efficacy and postexposure prophylaxis.
  • Evaluation of clinical trial data for antiviral agents.

Main Results:

  • Hepatitis A vaccine demonstrates efficacy comparable to immune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis.
  • Entecavir shows low resistance rates in treatment-naïve chronic Hepatitis B patients, but less efficacy in lamivudine-refractory cases.
  • Hepatitis B treatment strategies include combination therapy (adefovir and lamivudine) for refractory patients.
  • Oral protease inhibitors (telaprevir, boceprevir) exhibit antiviral activity against Hepatitis C genotype 1.
  • Shorter treatment courses (16 weeks) of pegylated interferon and ribavirin for Hepatitis C show reduced sustained virologic response rates.
  • Hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis remain at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma even after sustained virologic response.
  • A new recombinant Hepatitis E vaccine is safe and effective.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in preventing Hepatitis A and E through vaccination.
  • The development of targeted antiviral therapies for Hepatitis C is anticipated in the near future.
  • Continued research is essential for improving outcomes in viral hepatitis management.