Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
Published on: December 11, 2016
Effect of lengthening contraction velocity on muscle damage of the elbow flexors
Dale Wilson Chapman1, Michael Newton, Michael McGuigan
1School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia. dale.chapman@ausport.gov.au
Purpose:
This study investigated the effect of lengthening contraction velocity on exercise-induced muscle damage.
Methods:
Sixteen men were placed into two groups performing either 30 (N = 8) or 210 (N = 8) maximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors on an isokinetic dynamometer. Dominant and nondominant arms were randomly assigned for a slow-velocity (S: 30 degrees.s(-1)) or a fast-velocity (F: 210 degrees.s(-1)) exercise separated by 14 d. Maximal voluntary strength of isometric contractions (iMVC) and isokinetic concentric contractions (cMVC), range of motion (ROM), upper-arm circumference, muscle soreness, and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured before, immediately after, and 1-120 h after exercise. Changes in these measures over time were compared by a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA to examine the effect of velocity in the same number of contractions (S30 vs F30; S210 vs F210) or the effect of contraction number at the same velocity (S30 vs S210; F30 vs F210).
Results:
A significant (P < 0.05) interaction effect was evident only for iMVC between S30 and F30, but it was evident for iMVC, cMVC, ROM, and CK between S210 and F210. Changes in most of the measures were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller after 30 contractions (S30 and F30) than after 210 contractions (S210 and F210).
Conclusion:
These results suggest that the effect of contraction velocity on the magnitude of muscle damage after 30 contractions is minor; however, when 210 lengthening contractions were performed, the effect of contraction velocity became conspicuous. It is concluded that fast-velocity lengthening contractions are likely to induce greater muscle damage than slow-velocity contractions; however, muscle fatigue seems to be a confounding factor for the velocity effect.
Related Concept Videos
Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while the...
Motor Unit Stimulation
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
Exercise and Muscle Performance
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Impact Loading
In cases of elastic deformation,...
Muscle Stimulation Frequency
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
Muscle Contraction

