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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Bone density in the adolescent athlete.

Madhusmita Misra1

  • 1Neuroendocrine and Pediatric Endocrine Units, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. mmisra@partners.org

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|April 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adolescent athletes with amenorrhea face risks to bone health due to hormonal changes. Exercise benefits do not offset the negative effects of hypogonadism on bone metabolism in these athletes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Sports Medicine
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Adolescence is crucial for bone mass accrual, influenced by hormones like gonadal steroids, growth hormone, and IGF-1.
  • Athletic participation is common among high school girls, with a significant percentage developing amenorrhea.
  • Amenorrhea in athletes is linked to negative energy balance, low leptin, and high ghrelin levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors contributing to amenorrhea in adolescent athletes.
  • To examine the impact of hypogonadism on bone metabolism in these athletes.
  • To assess if athletic activity mitigates the bone-related risks of hypogonadism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on adolescent athletes, amenorrhea, hormonal influences, and bone health.
  • Analysis of factors associated with the development of amenorrhea in athletic populations.
  • Evaluation of the relationship between hypogonadism, athletic activity, and bone metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Negative energy balance, low leptin, and high ghrelin are associated with amenorrhea in athletes.
  • Hypogonadism significantly impacts bone metabolism in adolescent athletes.
  • Mechanical loading from exercise does not fully counteract the detrimental effects of hypogonadism on bone.

Conclusions:

  • Adolescent athletes experiencing amenorrhea are at risk for impaired bone health.
  • Hormonal imbalances, particularly hypogonadism, pose a significant threat to bone accrual and health in athletes.
  • Further research is needed to develop strategies to protect bone health in at-risk adolescent athletes.