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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Intracellular Hormone Receptors01:08

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action01:26

Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action

Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...
Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

The plasma membrane and thyroid hormone entry into cells.

A Pontecorvi1, J Robbins

  • 1Istituto di Medicina Interna, Universitá "G. D'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|November 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Cells actively transport thyroid hormone using energy-dependent, receptor-mediated pathways. Research is now exploring how these mechanisms regulate thyroid hormone metabolism and biological actions.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are crucial for regulating cellular metabolism and development.
  • Cellular uptake of thyroid hormones is increasingly recognized as a key regulatory step.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of cellular thyroid hormone accumulation.
  • To understand the role of energy-dependent, receptor-mediated pathways in thyroid hormone regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing cell culture models to study thyroid hormone transport.
  • Employing molecular and biochemical techniques to identify key receptors and energy-dependent processes.

Main Results:

  • Evidence confirms that cells accumulate thyroid hormone via specific, energy-requiring pathways.
  • Receptor-mediated transport mechanisms are implicated in this cellular accumulation process.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular thyroid hormone uptake is an active, regulated process.
  • These pathways significantly contribute to the overall regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism and action within cells.