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Related Concept Videos

Cholera01:25

Cholera

Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates
07:58

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates

Published on: May 30, 2017

Cholera vaccines for the developing world.

Anna Lena Lopez1, John D Clemens, Jacqueline Deen

  • 1International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea. anlopez@ivi.int

Human Vaccines
|April 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cholera remains a global threat, especially impacting young children in developing nations. Oral cholera vaccines offer a crucial short-term control measure, but their use needs policy support for wider implementation.

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Cholera poses a significant public health challenge, disproportionately affecting young children in developing countries.
  • Increasing cholera outbreaks worldwide highlight the need for effective control strategies.
  • While water and sanitation are key, vaccines offer a vital complementary approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review currently available and emerging oral cholera vaccines.
  • To examine the reasons behind the limited use of oral cholera vaccines in high-need regions.
  • To advocate for policies promoting broader oral cholera vaccine utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of oral cholera vaccines.
  • Analysis of global cholera epidemiology and vaccine deployment challenges.
  • Examination of World Health Organization recommendations on cholera vaccination.

Main Results:

  • Several oral cholera vaccines are available and more are in development.
  • Despite WHO recommendations since 1999, uptake in developing countries remains low.
  • Barriers to extensive use in public health settings require policy intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Oral cholera vaccines are an important tool for cholera control, particularly in endemic areas.
  • Policy development is essential to increase the accessibility and usage of these vaccines.
  • Enhanced global health strategies must incorporate wider oral cholera vaccine implementation.