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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
06:12

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Published on: May 3, 2024

Expansion and evolution of cell death programmes.

Alexei Degterev1, Junying Yuan

  • 1Tufts University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|April 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell death is more complex than previously thought, with multiple regulated, non-apoptotic pathways beyond apoptosis and necrosis. Understanding these diverse cell death mechanisms offers new therapeutic strategies.

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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
06:12

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Published on: May 3, 2024

In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila
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In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila

Published on: November 27, 2016

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
12:44

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: October 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Historically, cell death was categorized into regulated (apoptosis) and unregulated (necrosis) forms.
  • Apoptosis is programmed cell death initiated by cellular signals.
  • Unregulated cell death results from severe external stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolution and diversity of cell death mechanisms.
  • To investigate non-apoptotic regulated cell death pathways.
  • To identify new cytoprotective therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging scientific literature.
  • Analysis of evolutionary pathways of cell death.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms underlying different cell death types.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests multiple regulated cell death pathways beyond apoptosis.
  • These pathways can overlap with or be distinct from apoptosis.
  • The evolution of these diverse mechanisms is being elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • The traditional dichotomy of cell death is insufficient.
  • Multiple regulated, non-apoptotic cell death pathways exist.
  • Understanding these pathways can lead to novel cytoprotective therapies.