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Related Concept Videos

ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

ABC Transporters: Exporter

ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
ABC Transporters: Importer01:27

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ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped into importers and exporters. While exporters are present in all domains of life, importers exist only in bacteria and some plants.
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The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein01:42

The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, equivalent to the average human body weight, every day. Among other transporters, ACC protein is one of the best-studied members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. The ADP/ATP carrier protein comprises two transmembrane helices connected to a loop and a single alpha-helix on the matrix side. It switches between two conformational...
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The pharmacogenetics of drug transporters is increasingly recognized as a critical factor influencing interindividual variability in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. These membrane-bound proteins regulate drugs' movement across cellular barriers by actively pumping them out (efflux) or facilitating their uptake (influx). Among the major transporter families, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters play particularly prominent roles. Genetic polymorphisms...
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Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

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Related Experiment Video

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A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
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A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells

Published on: April 11, 2014

The nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (NAT) family: genomics, evolution, structure-function relationships and

Christos Gournas1, Ioannis Papageorgiou, George Diallinas

  • 1Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece.

Molecular Biosystems
|April 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This review explores nucleobase and ascorbate transport (NAT) proteins, highlighting their use as models to understand structure-function and evolution. Insights may lead to targeting microbes via NAT protein gateways.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

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Published on: August 15, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Membrane Transport

Background:

  • Ubiquitous plasma transmembrane proteins mediate nucleobase or ascorbate secondary active transport (NAT).
  • Bacterial and fungal NAT members serve as model systems for studying structure-function and gene regulation.
  • Understanding NAT is crucial for various biological processes, including mammalian ascorbate transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the NAT protein family.
  • To elucidate the evolution of substrate specificity from nucleobases to ascorbate.
  • To explore the potential of NAT proteins as targets for antimicrobial strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Classical and reverse genetics approaches.
  • Biochemical analyses.
  • Molecular modeling of NAT-purine interactions.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial and fungal NAT proteins are valuable models for structure-function and regulatory studies.
  • NAT-mediated ascorbate transport is significant in mammals.
  • Evolutionary shifts in substrate specificity within the NAT family have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • NAT proteins offer insights into secondary active transport mechanisms.
  • The evolution of NAT substrate specificity provides a model for understanding protein adaptation.
  • Targeting NAT proteins presents a potential strategy for developing novel antimicrobial therapies.